Enhanced field of view to augment three-dimensional (3D) sensory space for free-space gesture interpretation

ABSTRACT

The technology disclosed relates to enhancing the fields of view of one or more cameras of a gesture recognition system for augmenting the three-dimensional (3D) sensory space of the gesture recognition system. The augmented 3D sensory space allows for inclusion of previously uncaptured of regions and points for which gestures can be interpreted i.e. blind spots of the cameras of the gesture recognition system. Some examples of such blind spots include areas underneath the cameras and/or within 20-85 degrees of a tangential axis of the cameras. In particular, the technology disclosed uses a Fresnel prismatic element and/or a triangular prism element to redirect the optical axis of the cameras, giving the cameras fields of view that cover at least 45 to 80 degrees from tangential to the vertical axis of a display screen on which the cameras are mounted.

PRIORITY DATA

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/506,596, filed Oct. 3, 2014, entitled “ENHANCED FIELD OF VIEW TOAUGMENT THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) SENSORY SPACE FOR FREE-SPACE GESTUREINTERPRETATION”, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/886,586 filed Oct. 3, 2013 entitled “DIRECTING LIGHTFOR FREE SPACE GESTURE CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION”. The provisionalapplication is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

INCORPORATIONS

Materials incorporated by reference in this filing include thefollowing:

“FREE-SPACE USER INTERFACE AND CONTROL USING VIRTUAL CONSTRUCTS,” USNon. Prov. App. Ser. No. 14/154,730, filed 14 Jan. 2014,

“DYNAMIC USER INTERACTIONS FOR DISPLAY CONTROL,” U.S. Prov. App. No.61/752,725, filed 15 Jan. 2013,

“SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF INTERACTING WITH A VIRTUAL GRID IN ATHREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) SENSORY SPACE,” U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/007,885,filed 4 Jun. 2014,

“PREDICTIVE INFORMATION FOR FREE-SPACE GESTURE CONTROL ANDCOMMUNICATION,” U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/873,758, filed 4 Sep. 2013,

“VELOCITY FIELD INTERACTION FOR FREE-SPACE GESTURE INTERFACE ANDCONTROL,” U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/891,880, filed 16 Oct. 2013,

“INTERACTIVE TRAINING RECOGNITION OF FREE-SPACE GESTURES FOR INTERFACEAND CONTROL,” U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/872,538, filed 30 Aug. 2013,

“METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR IDENTIFYING POSITION AND SHAPE OF OBJECTS INTHREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE,” U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/587,554, filed 17 Jan.2012,

“SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CAPTURING MOTION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE,”U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/724,091, filed 8 Nov. 2012,

VEHICLE MOTION SENSORY CONTROL,” U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/005,981, filed30 May 2014,

“MOTION CAPTURE USING CROSS-SECTIONS OF AN OBJECT,” U.S. applicationSer. No. 13/414,485, filed 7 Mar. 2012, and

“SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR CAPTURING MOTION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE,”U.S. application Ser. No. 13/742,953, filed 16 Jan. 2013.

FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY DISCLOSED

The technology disclosed relates, in general, to free-space gesturerecognition, and in particular implementations to augmenting athree-dimensional (3D) sensory space of a gesture recognition system byenhancing a field of view of an image capture device of the gesturerecognition system.

BACKGROUND

The subject matter discussed in this section should not be assumed to beprior art merely as a result of its mention in this section. Similarly,a problem mentioned in this section or associated with the subjectmatter provided as background should not be assumed to have beenpreviously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in thissection merely represents different approaches, which in and ofthemselves may also correspond to implementations of the claimedtechnology.

Motion-capture systems have been deployed to facilitate numerous formsof contact-free interaction with a computer-driven display device.Simple applications allow a user to designate and manipulate on-screenartifacts using hand gestures, while more sophisticated implementationsfacilitate participation in immersive virtual environments, e.g., bywaving to a character, pointing at an object, or performing an actionsuch as swinging a golf club or baseball bat. The term “motion capture”refers generally to processes that capture movement of a subject in 3Dspace and translate that movement into, for example, a digital model orother representation.

Most existing motion-capture systems rely on markers or sensors worn bythe subject while executing the motion and/or on the strategic placementof numerous cameras in the environment to capture images of the movingsubject from different angles. As described in U.S. Ser. No. 13/414,485(filed on Mar. 7, 2012) and Ser. No. 13/724,357 (filed on Dec. 21,2012), the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated byreference, newer systems utilize compact sensor arrangements to detect,for example, hand gestures with high accuracy but without the need formarkers or other worn devices. A sensor may, for example, lie on a flatsurface below the user's hands. As the user performs gestures in anatural fashion, the sensor detects the movements and changingconfigurations of the user's hands, and motion-capture softwarereconstructs these gestures for display or interpretation.

In some deployments, it may be advantageous to integrate the sensor withthe display itself. For example, the sensor may be mounted within thetop bezel or edge of a laptop's display, capturing user gestures aboveor near the keyboard. While desirable, this configuration posesconsiderable design challenges. As shown in FIG. 11A, the sensor's fieldof view θ must be angled down in order to cover the space just above thekeyboard, while other use situations e.g., where the user stands abovethe laptop—require the field of view θ to be angled upward. Large spacesare readily monitored by stand-alone cameras adapted for, e.g.,videoconferencing; these can include gimbal mounts that permitmultiple-axis rotation, enabling the camera to follow a user as shemoves around. Such mounting configurations and the mechanics forcontrolling them are not practical, however, for the tight form factorsof a laptop or flat-panel display.

Nor can wide-angle optics solve the problem of large fields of viewbecause of the limited area of the image sensor; a lens angle of viewwide enough to cover a broad region within which activity might occurwould require an unrealistically large image sensor—only a small portionof which would be active at any time. For example, the angle it, betweenthe screen and the keyboard depends on the user's preference andergonomic needs, and may be different each time the laptop is used; andthe region within which the user performs gestures—directly over thekeyboard or above the laptop altogether—is also subject to change.

Accordingly, there is a need for an optical configuration enabling animage sensor, deployed within a limited volume, to operate over a wideand variable field of view.

SUMMARY

The technology disclosed relates to enhancing the fields of view of oneor more cameras of a gesture recognition system for augmenting thethree-dimensional (3D) sensory space of the gesture recognition system.The augmented 3D sensory space allows for inclusion of previouslyuncaptured of regions and points for which gestures can be interpretedi.e. blind spots of the cameras of the gesture recognition system. Someexamples of such blind spots include areas underneath the cameras and/orwithin 20-85 degrees of a tangential axis of the cameras. In particular,the technology disclosed uses a Fresnel prismatic element and/or atriangular prism element to redirect the optical axis of the cameras,giving the cameras fields of view that cover at least 45 to 80 degreesfrom tangential to the vertical axis of a display screen on which thecameras are mounted.

Advantageously, some implementations can provide for improved interfacewith computing and/or other machinery than would be possible withheretofore known techniques. In some implementations, a richerhuman—machine interface experience can be provided. The followingdetailed description together with the accompanying drawings willprovide a better understanding of the nature and advantages provided forby implementations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to like partsthroughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarilyto scale, with an emphasis instead generally being placed uponillustrating the principles of the technology disclosed. In thefollowing description, various implementations of the technologydisclosed are described with reference to the following drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example gesture-recognition system.

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a computer system implementing agesture-recognition apparatus according to an implementation of thetechnology disclosed.

FIG. 3 illustrates one implementation of a camera controllerperipherally connected to a smartphone with at least one of a Fresnelprismatic element and/or a triangular solid prism or a combinationthereof.

FIG. 4 illustrates one implementation of a camera controller embedded ina swivel camera of a smartphone with at least one of a Fresnel prismaticelement and/or a triangular solid prism or a combination thereof.

FIG. 5 illustrates one implementation of a camera controller embedded ina keyboard-less tablet case of a computer tablet with at least one of aFresnel prismatic element and/or a triangular solid prism or acombination thereof.

FIG. 6 illustrates one implementation of a camera controller embedded ina portrait mobile case of a smartphone with at least one of a Fresnelprismatic element and/or a triangular solid prism or a combinationthereof.

FIG. 7 illustrates one implementation of a camera controller embedded ina landscape mobile case of a smartphone with at least one of a Fresnelprismatic element and/or a triangular solid prism or a combinationthereof.

FIG. 8 illustrates one implementation of a camera controller embedded ina mobile case of a smartphone with at least one of a Fresnel prismaticelement and/or a triangular solid prism or a combination thereof.

FIG. 9A illustrates one implementation of a smartphone with removableFresnel prismatic element and/or a triangular solid prism or acombination thereof.

FIG. 9B illustrate various configurations for translating imagedirecting film (IDF) along a translation axis T.

FIG. 10A illustrates one implementation of workings of a Fresnelprismatic element.

FIG. 10B illustrates one implementation of workings of a triangularsolid prism.

FIG. 11A shows a side elevation of a laptop computer, which can includean implementation of the technology disclosed.

FIG. 11B is perspective front view of the laptop shown in FIG. 11A andincluding an implementation of the technology disclosed.

FIG. 12 depicts one implementation of a Fresnel prismatic element and/ora triangular solid prism redirecting one or more optical axes of one ormore cameras of the laptop shown in FIGS. 11A-B.

FIG. 13 depicts one implementation of a Fresnel prismatic element and/ora triangular solid prism redirecting one or more optical axes of one ormore cameras of a smartphone.

FIG. 14 depicts one implementation of a removable Fresnel prismaticelement and/or a triangular solid prism redirecting one or more opticalaxes of one or more cameras of a smartphone.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example method of enhancing a field of view ofcameras to augment three-dimensional (3D) sensory space for free-spacegesture interpretation using a Fresnel prismatic element.

FIG. 16 is a representative method of enhancing a field of view ofcameras to augment three-dimensional (3D) sensory space for free-spacegesture interpretation using a triangular solid prism.

FIG. 17 shows a flowchart enhancing a field of view of at least onecamera of a portable electronic device to augment three-dimensional (3D)sensory space for free-space gesture interpretation using a triangularsolid prism.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Gesture Recognition System

Implementations of the technology disclosed relate to methods andsystems for capturing motion and/or determining position of an objectusing small amounts of information. For example, an outline of anobject's shape, or silhouette, as seen from a particular vantage pointcan be used to define bounding line segments to the object from thatvantage point in various planes, referred to as “observationinformation” according to one implementation. Positions of the controlobject determined for different slices can be correlated to construct a3D solid model of the object by fitting a plurality of 3D solidsubcomponents to the observation information, including its position andshape. A succession of images can be analyzed using the same techniqueto model motion of the object. Motion of a complex object that hasmultiple separately articulating members (e.g., a human hand) can bemodeled using techniques described herein.

The technology disclosed can be applied to solve the technical problemof reducing computational time and complexity of detecting andinterpreting motions and gestures of control objects in a 3D sensoryspace. In one implementation, a 3D solid model is constructed based onthe observation information of the control object. Further, theconstructed 3D solid model is improved by a variety of techniques. Inone implementation, the 3D solid model is compared with the observationinformation to detect an error terms or indications, which can beovercome to generate a more accurate model. In another implementation,the 3D solid model is improved by correcting the model itself andremoving any impurities or spurious or discontinuous 3D modelsubcomponents, which may not comply with real-world physicalcharacteristics of the control object being tracked.

In another implementation, the 3D solid model is constrained byreplacing a plurality of 3D solid subcomponents of the 3D solid modelwith fewer representative subcomponents. In one implementation, therepresentative subcomponents are extreme subcomponents of the 3D solidmodel. For instance, for a hand, the 3D solid model can include at leastthree subcomponents respectively representing the proximal carpal,intermediary knuckle, and the dorsal carpal. However, the movements andinteractions of the hands can be tracked by only tracking the dorsalcarpal. As a result, the 3D solid model is constrained to include onlythe extreme subcomponent representing the dorsal carpal. This constraint3D solid model greatly reduces the computational time and resources andthus cane be applied for motion tracking in mobile devices, according toone implementation. In yet another implementation, a plurality of 3Dsolid subcomponents is represented by an artificial construct ratherthan individual subcomponents to achieve a low-power consumption stateof a device. In such an implementation, the artificial constructs aresimple geometric shapes such as line segments, rectangles, circles,ellipses, etc., thus improving the efficiency and response time of themotion tracking and gesture recognition algorithm.

Implementations described herein with reference to examples can providefor automatically (e.g., programmatically) determining a correct way tointerpret inputs detected from positional information (e.g., position,volume, shape, and/or surface characteristics) and/or motion information(e.g., translation, rotation, and/or other structural change) of aportion of a hand or other detectable object based upon a zonedetermined from the hand's (or other object's) position. Inputs can beinterpreted from one or a sequence of images in conjunction withreceiving input, commands, communications and/or other user-machineinterfacing, gathering information about objects, events and/or actionsexisting or occurring within an area being explored, monitored, orcontrolled, and/or combinations thereof.

As shown in FIG. 1, which illustrates an exemplary motion-capture system100 including any number of cameras 102, 104 coupled to an imageanalysis, motion capture, and control system 106 (The system 106 ishereinafter variably referred to as the “camera controller,” “imageanalysis and motion capture system,” the “image analysis system,” the“motion capture system,” “the gesture recognition system,” the “controland image-processing system,” the “control system,” or the“image-processing system,” depending on which functionality of thesystem is being discussed.).

Cameras 102, 104 provide digital image data to the image analysis,motion capture, and control system 106, which analyzes the image data todetermine the three-dimensional (3D) position, orientation, and/ormotion of the object 114 the field of view of the cameras 102, 104.Cameras 102, 104 can be any type of cameras, including cameras sensitiveacross the visible spectrum or, more typically, with enhancedsensitivity to a confined wavelength band (e.g., the infrared (IR) orultraviolet bands); more generally, the term “camera” herein refers toany device (or combination of devices) capable of capturing an image ofan object and representing that image in the form of digital data. Whileillustrated using an example of a two camera implementation, otherimplementations are readily achievable using different numbers ofcameras or non-camera light sensitive image sensors or combinationsthereof. For example, line sensors or line cameras rather thanconventional devices that capture a two-dimensional (2D) image can beemployed. Further, the term “light” is used generally to connote anyelectromagnetic radiation, which may or may not be within the visiblespectrum, and can be broadband (e.g., white light) or narrowband (e.g.,a single wavelength or narrow band of wavelengths).

Cameras 102, 104 are preferably capable of capturing video images (i.e.,successive image frames at a constant rate of at least 15 frames persecond); although no particular frame rate is required. The capabilitiesof cameras 102, 104 are not critical to the technology disclosed, andthe cameras can vary as to frame rate, image resolution (e.g., pixelsper image), color or intensity resolution (e.g., number of bits ofintensity data per pixel), focal length of lenses, depth of field, etc.In general, for a particular application, any cameras capable offocusing on objects within a spatial volume of interest can be used. Forinstance, to capture motion of the hand of an otherwise stationaryperson, the volume of interest can be defined as a cube approximatelyone meter on a side. To capture motion of a running person, the volumeof interest might have dimensions of tens of meters in order to observeseveral strides.

Cameras 102, 104 can be oriented in any convenient manner. In oneimplementation, the optical axes of the cameras 102, 104 are parallel,but this is not required. As described below, each of the 102, 104 canbe used to define a “vantage point” from which the object 114 is seen;if the location and view direction associated with each vantage pointare known, the locus of points in space that project onto a particularposition in the cameras' image plane can be determined. In someimplementations, motion capture is reliable only for objects in an areawhere the fields of view of cameras 102, 104; the cameras 102, 104 canbe arranged to provide overlapping fields of view throughout the areawhere motion of interest is expected to occur.

In some implementations, the illustrated system 100 includes one or moresources 108, 110, which can be disposed to either side of cameras 102,104, and are controlled by image analysis and motion capture system 106.In one implementation, the sources 108, 110 are light sources. Forexample, the light sources can be infrared light sources, e.g., infraredlight emitting diodes (LEDs), and cameras 102, 104 can be sensitive toinfrared light. Use of infrared light can allow the motion-capturesystem 100 to operate under a broad range of lighting conditions and canavoid various inconveniences or distractions that can be associated withdirecting visible light into the region where the person is moving.However, a particular wavelength or region of the electromagneticspectrum can be required. In one implementation, filters 120, 122 areplaced in front of cameras 102, 104 to filter out visible light so thatonly infrared light is registered in the images captured by cameras 102,104. Alternatively, cameras 102, 104 include elements sensitive todifferent spectral portions, e.g., visible light (RGB) and infrared (IR)radiation, and information from the different spectral portions can beprocessed independently, or in conjunction with one another. In anotherimplementation, the sources 108, 110 are sonic sources providing sonicenergy appropriate to one or more sonic sensors (not shown in FIG. 1 forclarity sake) used in conjunction with, or instead of, cameras 102, 104.The sonic sources transmit sound waves to the user; with the user eitherblocking (“sonic shadowing”) or altering the sound waves (“sonicdeflections”) that impinge upon her. Such sonic shadows and/ordeflections can also be used to detect the user's gestures and/orprovide presence information and/or distance information using rangingtechniques. In some implementations, the sound waves are, for example,ultrasound, which are not audible to humans.

It should be stressed that the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 isrepresentative and not limiting. For example, lasers or other lightsources can be used instead of LEDs. In implementations that includelaser(s), additional optics (e.g., a lens or diffuser) can be employedto widen the laser beam (and make its field of view similar to that ofthe cameras). Useful arrangements can also include short-angle andwide-angle illuminators for different ranges. Light sources aretypically diffuse rather than specular point sources; for example,packaged LEDs with light-spreading encapsulation are suitable.

In operation, light sources 108, 110 are arranged to illuminate a regionof interest 112 that includes an entire control object or its portion114 (in this example, a hand) that can optionally hold a tool or otherobject of interest. Cameras 102, 104 are oriented toward the region 112to capture video images of the hand 114. In some implementations, theoperation of light sources 108, 110 and cameras 102, 104 is controlledby the image analysis and motion capture system 106, which can be, e.g.,a computer system, control logic implemented in hardware and/or softwareor combinations thereof. Based on the captured images, image analysisand motion capture system 106 determines the position and/or motion ofhand 114.

Motion capture can be improved by enhancing contrast between the objectof interest 114 and background surfaces like surface 116 visible in animage, for example, by means of controlled lighting directed at theobject. For instance, in motion capture system 106 where an object ofinterest 114, such as a person's hand, is significantly closer to thecameras 102 and 104 than the background surface 116, the falloff oflight intensity with distance (1/r² for point like light sources) can beexploited by positioning a light source (or multiple light sources) nearthe camera(s) or other image-capture device(s) and shining that lightonto the object 114. Source light reflected by the nearby object ofinterest 114 can be expected to be much brighter than light reflectedfrom more distant background surface 116, and the more distant thebackground (relative to the object), the more pronounced the effect willbe. Accordingly, a threshold cut off on pixel brightness in the capturedimages can be used to distinguish “object” pixels from “background”pixels. While broadband ambient light sources can be employed, variousimplementations use light having a confined wavelength range and acamera matched to detect such light; for example, an infrared sourcelight can be used with one or more cameras sensitive to infraredfrequencies.

In operation, cameras 102, 104 are oriented toward a region of interest112 in which an object of interest 114 (in this example, a hand) and oneor more background objects 116 can be present. Light sources 108, 110are arranged to illuminate region 112. In some implementations, one ormore of the light sources 108, 110 and one or more of the cameras 102,104 are disposed below the motion to be detected, e.g., in the case ofhand motion, on a table or other surface beneath the spatial regionwhere hand motion occurs. This is an optimal location because the amountof information recorded about the hand is proportional to the number ofpixels it occupies in the camera images, and the hand will occupy morepixels when the camera's angle with respect to the hand's “pointingdirection” is as close to perpendicular as possible. Further, if thecameras 102, 104 are looking up, there is little likelihood of confusionwith background objects (clutter on the user's desk, for example) andother people within the cameras' field of view.

Control and image-processing system 106, which can be, e.g., a computersystem, can control the operation of light sources 108, 110 and cameras102, 104 to capture images of region 112. Based on the captured images,the image-processing system 106 determines the position and/or motion ofobject 114. For example, as a step in determining the position of object114, image-analysis system 106 can determine which pixels of variousimages captured by cameras 102, 104 contain portions of object 114. Insome implementations, any pixel in an image can be classified as an“object” pixel or a “background” pixel depending on whether that pixelcontains a portion of object 114 or not. With the use of light sources108, 110, classification of pixels as object or background pixels can bebased on the brightness of the pixel. For example, the distance (r_(O))between an object of interest 114 and cameras 102, 104 is expected to besmaller than the distance (r_(B)) between background object(s) 116 andcameras 102, 104. Because the intensity of light from sources 108, 110decreases as 1/r², object 114 will be more brightly lit than background116, and pixels containing portions of object 114 (i.e., object pixels)will be correspondingly brighter than pixels containing portions ofbackground 116 (i.e., background pixels). For example, if r_(B)/r_(O)=2,then object pixels will be approximately four times brighter thanbackground pixels, assuming object 114 and background 116 are similarlyreflective of the light from sources 108, 110, and further assuming thatthe overall illumination of region 112 (at least within the frequencyband captured by cameras 102, 104) is dominated by light sources 108,110. These conditions generally hold for suitable choices of cameras102, 104, light sources 108, 110, filters 120, 122, and objects commonlyencountered. For example, light sources 108, 110 can be infrared LEDscapable of strongly emitting radiation in a narrow frequency band, andfilters 120, 122 can be matched to the frequency band of light sources108, 110. Thus, although a human hand or body, or a heat source or otherobject in the background, can emit some infrared radiation, the responseof cameras 102, 104 can still be dominated by light originating fromsources 108, 110 and reflected by object 114 and/or background 116.

In this arrangement, image-analysis system 106 can quickly andaccurately distinguish object pixels from background pixels by applyinga brightness threshold to each pixel. For example, pixel brightness in aCMOS sensor or similar device can be measured on a scale from 0.0 (dark)to 1.0 (fully saturated), with some number of gradations in betweendepending on the sensor design. The brightness encoded by the camerapixels scales standardly (linearly) with the luminance of the object,typically due to the deposited charge or diode voltages. In someimplementations, light sources 108, 110 are bright enough that reflectedlight from an object at distance 1.0 produces a brightness level of 1.0while an object at distance r_(B)=2r_(O) produces a brightness level of0.25. Object pixels can thus be readily distinguished from backgroundpixels based on brightness. Further, edges of the object can also bereadily detected based on differences in brightness between adjacentpixels, allowing the position of the object within each image to bedetermined. Correlating object positions between images from cameras102, 104 allows image-analysis system 106 to determine the location in3D space of object 114, and analyzing sequences of images allowsimage-analysis system 106 to reconstruct 3D motion of object 114 usingmotion algorithms.

In accordance with various implementations of the technology disclosed,the cameras 102, 104 (and typically also the associated image-analysisfunctionality of control and image-processing system 106) are operatedin a low-power mode until an object of interest 114 is detected in theregion of interest 112. For purposes of detecting the entrance of anobject of interest 114 into this region, the system 100 further includesone or more light sensors 118 (e.g., a CCD or CMOS sensor) and/or anassociated imaging optic (e.g., a lens) that monitor the brightness inthe region of interest 112 and detect any change in brightness. Forexample, a single light sensor including, e.g., a photodiode thatprovides an output voltage indicative of (and over a large rangeproportional to) a measured light intensity can be disposed between thetwo cameras 102, 104 and oriented toward the region of interest 112. Theone or more sensors 118 continuously measure one or more environmentalillumination parameters such as the brightness of light received fromthe environment. Under static conditions—which implies the absence ofany motion in the region of interest 112—the brightness will beconstant. If an object enters the region of interest 112, however, thebrightness can abruptly change. For example, a person walking in frontof the sensor(s) 118 can block light coming from an opposing end of theroom, resulting in a sudden decrease in brightness. In other situations,the person can reflect light from a light source in the room onto thesensor, resulting in a sudden increase in measured brightness.

The aperture of the sensor(s) 118 can be sized such that its (or theircollective) field of view overlaps with that of the cameras 102, 104. Insome implementations, the field of view of the sensor(s) 118 issubstantially co-existent with that of the cameras 102, 104 such thatsubstantially all objects entering the camera field of view aredetected. In other implementations, the sensor field of view encompassesand exceeds that of the cameras. This enables the sensor(s) 118 toprovide an early warning if an object of interest approaches the camerafield of view. In yet other implementations, the sensor(s) capture(s)light from only a portion of the camera field of view, such as a smallerarea of interest located in the center of the camera field of view.

The control and image-processing system 106 monitors the output of thesensor(s) 118, and if the measured brightness changes by a set amount(e.g., by 10% or a certain number of candela), it recognizes thepresence of an object of interest in the region of interest 112. Thethreshold change can be set based on the geometric configuration of theregion of interest and the motion-capture system, the general lightingconditions in the area, the sensor noise level, and the expected size,proximity, and reflectivity of the object of interest so as to minimizeboth false positives and false negatives. In some implementations,suitable settings are determined empirically, e.g., by having a personrepeatedly walk into and out of the region of interest 112 and trackingthe sensor output to establish a minimum change in brightness associatedwith the person's entrance into and exit from the region of interest112. Of course, theoretical and empirical threshold-setting methods canalso be used in conjunction. For example, a range of thresholds can bedetermined based on theoretical considerations (e.g., by physicalmodelling, which can include ray tracing, noise estimation, etc.), andthe threshold thereafter fine-tuned within that range based onexperimental observations.

In implementations where the area of interest 112 is illuminated, thesensor(s) 118 will generally, in the absence of an object in this area,only measure scattered light amounting to a small fraction of theillumination light. Once an object enters the illuminated area, however,this object can reflect substantial portions of the light toward thesensor(s) 118, causing an increase in the measured brightness. In someimplementations, the sensor(s) 118 is (or are) used in conjunction withthe light sources 108, 110 to deliberately measure changes in one ormore environmental illumination parameters such as the reflectivity ofthe environment within the wavelength range of the light sources. Thelight sources can blink, and a brightness differential be measuredbetween dark and light periods of the blinking cycle. If no object ispresent in the illuminated region, this yields a baseline reflectivityof the environment. Once an object is in the area of interest 112, thebrightness differential will increase substantially, indicatingincreased reflectivity. (Typically, the signal measured during darkperiods of the blinking cycle, if any, will be largely unaffected,whereas the reflection signal measured during the light period willexperience a significant boost.) Accordingly, the control system 106monitoring the output of the sensor(s) 118 can detect an object in theregion of interest 112 based on a change in one or more environmentalillumination parameters such as environmental reflectivity that exceedsa predetermined threshold (e.g., by 10% or some other relative orabsolute amount). As with changes in brightness, the threshold changecan be set theoretically based on the configuration of the image-capturesystem and the monitored space as well as the expected objects ofinterest, and/or experimentally based on observed changes inreflectivity.

Computer System

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a computer system 200,implementing all or portions of image analysis and motion capture system106 according to an implementation of the technology disclosed. Imageanalysis and motion capture system 106 can include or consist of anydevice or device component that is capable of capturing and processingimage data. In some implementations, computer system 200 includes aprocessor 206, memory 208, a sensor interface 242, a display 202 (orother presentation mechanism(s), e.g. holographic projection systems,wearable googles or other head mounted displays (HMDs), heads updisplays (HUDs), other visual presentation mechanisms or combinationsthereof, speakers 212, a keyboard 222, and a mouse 232. Memory 208 canbe used to store instructions to be executed by processor 206 as well asinput and/or output data associated with execution of the instructions.In particular, memory 208 contains instructions, conceptuallyillustrated as a group of modules described in greater detail below,that control the operation of processor 206 and its interaction with theother hardware components. An operating system directs the execution oflow-level, basic system functions such as memory allocation, filemanagement and operation of mass storage devices. The operating systemcan be or include a variety of operating systems such as MicrosoftWINDOWS operating system, the Unix operating system, the Linux operatingsystem, the Xenix operating system, the IBM AIX operating system, theHewlett Packard UX operating system, the Novell NETWARE operatingsystem, the Sun Microsystems SOLARIS operating system, the OS/2operating system, the BeOS operating system, the MAC OS operatingsystem, the APACHE operating system, an OPENACTION operating system,iOS, Android or other mobile operating systems, or another operatingsystem platform.

The computing environment can also include otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media.For example, a hard disk drive can read or write to non-removable,nonvolatile magnetic media. A magnetic disk drive can read from or writeto a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk, and an optical disk drive canread from or write to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk such as aCD-ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable,volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in theexemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to,magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks,digital video tape, solid physical arrangement RAM, solid physicalarrangement ROM, and the like. The storage media are typically connectedto the system bus through a removable or non-removable memory interface.

According to some implementations, cameras 102, 104 and/or light sources108, 110 can connect to the computer 200 via a universal serial bus(USB), FireWire, or other cable, or wirelessly via Bluetooth, Wi-Fi,etc. The computer 200 can include a camera interface 242, implemented inhardware (e.g., as part of a USB port) and/or software (e.g., executedby processor 206) that enables communication with the cameras 102, 104and/or light sources 108, 110. The camera interface 242 can include oneor more data ports and associated image buffers for receiving the imageframes from the cameras 102, 104; hardware and/or software signalprocessors to modify the image data (e.g., to reduce noise or reformatdata) prior to providing it as input to a motion-capture or otherimage-processing program; and/or control signal ports for transmitsignals to the cameras 102, 104, e.g., to activate or deactivate thecameras, to control camera settings (frame rate, image quality,sensitivity, etc.), or the like.

Processor 206 can be a general-purpose microprocessor, but depending onimplementation can alternatively be a microcontroller, peripheralintegrated circuit element, a CSIC (customer-specific integratedcircuit), an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit), a logiccircuit, a digital signal processor, a programmable logic device such asan FPGA (field-programmable gate array), a PLD (programmable logicdevice), a PLA (programmable logic array), an RFID processor, smartchip, or any other device or arrangement of devices that is capable ofimplementing the actions of the processes of the technology disclosed.

Camera and sensor interface 242 can include hardware and/or softwarethat enables communication between computer system 200 and cameras suchas cameras 102, 104 shown in FIG. 1, as well as associated light sourcessuch as light sources 108, 110 of FIG. 1. Thus, for example, camera andsensor interface 242 can include one or more data ports 244, 245 towhich cameras can be connected, as well as hardware and/or softwaresignal processors to modify data signals received from the cameras(e.g., to reduce noise or reformat data) prior to providing the signalsas inputs to a motion-capture (“mocap”) program 218 executing onprocessor 206. In some implementations, camera and sensor interface 242can also transmit signals to the cameras, e.g., to activate ordeactivate the cameras, to control camera settings (frame rate, imagequality, sensitivity, etc.), or the like. Such signals can betransmitted, e.g., in response to control signals from processor 206,which can in turn be generated in response to user input or otherdetected events.

Camera and sensor interface 242 can also include controllers 243, 246,to which light sources (e.g., light sources 108, 110) can be connected.In some implementations, controllers 243, 246 provide operating currentto the light sources, e.g., in response to instructions from processor206 executing mocap program 218. In other implementations, the lightsources can draw operating current from an external power supply, andcontrollers 243, 246 can generate control signals for the light sources,e.g., instructing the light sources to be turned on or off or changingthe brightness. In some implementations, a single controller can be usedto control multiple light sources.

Instructions defining mocap program 218 are stored in memory 208, andthese instructions, when executed, perform motion-capture analysis onimages supplied from cameras connected to sensor interface 242. In oneimplementation, mocap program 218 includes various modules, such as animage analysis module 228 or image data 238. Image analysis module 228can analyze images (e.g., images captured via camera and sensorinterface 242) to detect edges and/or features of an object thereinand/or other information about the object's location. In oneimplementation, it can also analyze the object information to determinethe 3D position and/or motion of the object (e.g., a user's hand). Sliceanalysis module 258 can analyze image data from a slice of an image asdescribed below, to generate an approximate cross-section of the objectin a particular plane. Global analysis module 268 can correlatecross-sections across different slices and refine the analysis. Examplesof operations that can be implemented in code modules of mocap program218 are described below. Examples of operations that can be implementedin code modules of mocap program 218 are described below.

The memory 208 can further store input and/or output data associatedwith execution of the instructions (including, e.g., input and outputimage data 238) as well as additional information used by the varioussoftware applications; for example, in some implementations, the memory208 stores an object library 248 of canonical models of various objectsof interest. As described below, an object detected in the camera imagescan be identified by matching its shape to a model in the object library248, and the model can then inform further image analysis, motionprediction, etc.

The memory 208 can further store input and/or output data associatedwith execution of the instructions (including, e.g., input and outputimage data 238) as well as additional information used by the varioussoftware applications. In addition, the memory 208 can also includeother information and/or code modules used by mocap program 218 such asa compensation module 278 and an application platform 288. Thecompensation module 278 compensates for redirection of the optical axesof the cameras 120, 122 caused by the Fresnel prismatic element due toits non-uniform prism pitch. In one implementation, this can be achievedby collecting the redirected optical axes on an intraocular lens. Inanother implementation, this can be achieved by applying at least one ofan amplification function, polynomial function, transcendental function,and a step function to the frame data captured using the optical axes.The application platform 288 allows a user to interact with the mocapprogram 218 using different applications like application 1 (App1),application 2 (App2), and application N (AppN).

Display 202, speakers 212, keyboard 222, and mouse 232 can be used tofacilitate user interaction with computer system 200. In someimplementations, results of motion capture using sensor interface 242and mocap program 218 can be interpreted as user input. For example, auser can perform hand gestures that are analyzed using mocap program218, and the results of this analysis can be interpreted as aninstruction to some other program executing on processor 206 (e.g., aweb browser, word processor, or other application). Thus, by way ofillustration, a user might use upward or downward swiping gestures to“scroll” a webpage currently displayed on display 202, to use rotatinggestures to increase or decrease the volume of audio output fromspeakers 212, and so on.

It will be appreciated that computer system 200 is illustrative and thatvariations and modifications are possible. Computer systems can beimplemented in a variety of form factors, including server systems,desktop systems, laptop systems, tablets, smartphones or personaldigital assistants, wearable devices, e.g., goggles, head mounteddisplays (HMDs), wrist computers, heads up displays (HUDs) for vehicles,and so on. A particular implementation can include other functionalitynot described herein, e.g., wired and/or wireless network interfaces,media playing and/or recording capability, etc. In some implementations,one or more cameras can be built into the computer or other device intowhich the sensor is imbedded rather than being supplied as separatecomponents. Further, an image analyzer can be implemented using only asubset of computer system components (e.g., as a processor executingprogram code, an ASIC, or a fixed-function digital signal processor,with suitable I/O interfaces to receive image data and output analysisresults).

In another example, in some implementations, the cameras 102, 104 areconnected to or integrated with a special-purpose processing unit that,in turn, communicates with a general-purpose computer, e.g., via directmemory access (“DMA”). The processing unit can include one or more imagebuffers for storing the image data read out from the camera sensors, aGPU or other processor and associated memory implementing at least partof the motion-capture algorithm, and a DMA controller. The processingunit can provide processed images or other data derived from the cameraimages to the computer for further processing. In some implementations,the processing unit sends display control signals generated based on thecaptured motion (e.g., of a user's hand) to the computer, and thecomputer uses these control signals to adjust the on-screen display ofdocuments and images that are otherwise unrelated to the camera images(e.g., text documents or maps) by, for example, shifting or rotating theimages.

While computer system 200 is described herein with reference toparticular blocks, it is to be understood that the blocks are definedfor convenience of description and are not intended to imply aparticular physical arrangement of component parts. Further, the blocksneed not correspond to physically distinct components. To the extentthat physically distinct components are used, connections betweencomponents (e.g., for data communication) can be wired and/or wirelessas desired.

When a user performs a gesture that is captured by the cameras 102, 104as a series of temporally sequential images. In other implementations,cameras 102, 104 can capture any observable pose or portion of a user.For instance, if a user walks into the field of view near the cameras102, 104, cameras 102, 104 can capture not only the whole body of theuser, but the positions of arms and legs relative to the person's coreor trunk. These are analyzed by the mocap 218, which provides input toan electronic device, allowing a user to remotely control the electronicdevice and/or manipulate virtual objects, such as prototypes/models,blocks, spheres, or other shapes, buttons, levers, or other controls, ina virtual environment displayed on display 202. The user can perform thegesture using any part of her body, such as a finger, a hand, or an arm.As part of gesture recognition or independently, the image analysis andmotion capture system 106 can determine the shapes and positions of theuser's hand in 3D space and in real time; see, e.g., U.S. Ser. Nos.61/587,554, 13/414,485, 61/724,091, and 13/724,357 filed on Jan. 17,2012, Mar. 7, 2012, Nov. 8, 2012, and Dec. 21, 2012 respectively, theentire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. As aresult, the image analysis and motion capture system processor 206 maynot only recognize gestures for purposes of providing input to theelectronic device, but can also capture the position and shape of theuser's hand in consecutive video images in order to characterize thehand gesture in 3D space and reproduce it on the display screen 202.

In one implementation, the mocap 218 compares the detected gesture to alibrary of gestures electronically stored as records in a database,which is implemented in the image analysis and motion capture system106, the electronic device, or on an external storage system. (As usedherein, the term “electronically stored” includes storage in volatile ornon-volatile storage, the latter including disks, Flash memory, etc.,and extends to any computationally addressable storage media (including,for example, optical storage).) For example, gestures can be stored asvectors, i.e., mathematically specified spatial trajectories, and thegesture record can have a field specifying the relevant part of theuser's body making the gesture; thus, similar trajectories executed by auser's hand and head can be stored in the database as different gesturesso that an application can interpret them differently. Typically, thetrajectory of a sensed gesture is mathematically compared against thestored trajectories to find a best match, and the gesture is recognizedas corresponding to the located database entry only if the degree ofmatch exceeds a threshold. The vector can be scaled so that, forexample, large and small arcs traced by a user's hand will be recognizedas the same gesture (i.e., corresponding to the same database record)but the gesture recognition module will return both the identity and avalue, reflecting the scaling, for the gesture. The scale can correspondto an actual gesture distance traversed in performance of the gesture,or can be normalized to some canonical distance.

In various implementations, the motion captured in a series of cameraimages is used to compute a corresponding series of output images forpresentation on the display 202. For example, camera images of a movinghand can be translated by the processor 206 into a wire-frame or othergraphical representations of motion of the hand. In any case, the outputimages can be stored in the form of pixel data in a frame buffer, whichcan, but need not be, implemented, in main memory 208. A video displaycontroller reads out the frame buffer to generate a data stream andassociated control signals to output the images to the display 202. Thevideo display controller can be provided along with the processor 206and memory 208 on-board the motherboard of the computer 200, and can beintegrated with the processor 206 or implemented as a co-processor thatmanipulates a separate video memory.

In some implementations, the computer 200 is equipped with a separategraphics or video card that aids with generating the feed of outputimages for the display 202. The video card generally includes agraphical processing unit (“GPU”) and video memory, and is useful, inparticular, for complex and computationally expensive image processingand rendering. The graphics card can implement the frame buffer and thefunctionality of the video display controller (and the on-board videodisplay controller can be disabled). In general, the image-processingand motion-capture functionality of the system 200 can be distributedbetween the GPU and the main processor 206.

In some implementations, the mocap program 218 detects more than onegesture. The user can perform an arm-waving gesture while flexing his orher fingers. The mocap program 218 detects the waving and flexinggestures and records a waving trajectory and five flexing trajectoriesfor the five fingers. Each trajectory can be converted into a vectoralong, for example, six Euler degrees of freedom in Euler space. Thevector with the largest magnitude can represent the dominant componentof the motion (e.g., waving in this case) and the rest of vectors can beignored. In one implementation, a vector filter that can be implementedusing conventional filtering techniques is applied to the multiplevectors to filter the small vectors out and identify the dominantvector. This process can be repetitive, iterating until one vector—thedominant component of the motion—is identified. In some implementations,a new filter is generated every time new gestures are detected.

If the mocap program 218 is implemented as part of a specificapplication (such as a game or controller logic for a television), thedatabase gesture record can also contain an input parametercorresponding to the gesture (which can be scaled using the scalingvalue); in generic systems where the mocap program 218 is implemented asa utility available to multiple applications, this application-specificparameter is omitted: when an application invokes the mocap program 218,it interprets the identified gesture according in accordance with itsown programming.

In one implementation, the mocap program 218 breaks up and classifiesone or more gestures into a plurality of gesture primitives. Eachgesture can include or correspond to the path traversed by an object,such as user's hand or any other object (e.g., an implement such as apen or paintbrush that the user holds), through 3D space. The path ofthe gesture can be captured by the cameras 102, 104 in conjunction withmocap 218, and represented in the memory 208 as a set of coordinate (x,y, z) points that lie on the path, as a set of vectors, as a set ofspecified curves, lines, shapes, or by any other coordinate system ordata structure. Any method for representing a 3D path of a gesture on acomputer system is within the scope of the technology disclosed.

Of course, the system 200 under control need not be a desktop computer.In other implementations, free-space gestures can be used to operate ahandheld tablet or smartphone. The tablet can be connected, e.g., via aUSB cable (or any other wired or wireless connection), to amotion-capture device (such as for example, a dual-camera motioncontroller as provided by Leap Motion, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. orother interfacing mechanisms and/or combinations thereof) that ispositioned and oriented so as to monitor a region where hand motionsnormally take place. For example, the motion-capture device can beplaced onto a desk or other working surface, and the tablet can be heldat an angle to that working surface to facilitate easy viewing of thedisplayed content. The tablet can be propped up on a tablet stand oragainst a wall or other suitable vertical surface to free up the secondhand, facilitating two-hand gestures. In a modified tabletimplementation, the motion-capture device can be integrated into theframe of the tablet or smartphone.

Portable Electronic Devices

FIG. 3 illustrates one implementation 300 of a camera controller 100peripherally connected via data cable 304 to a smartphone 302 with atleast one of a Fresnel prismatic element 301 and/or a triangular solidprism 301 or a combination thereof.

FIG. 4 illustrates one implementation 400 of a camera controller 100embedded in a swivel camera of a smartphone 402 with at least one of aFresnel prismatic element 404 and/or a triangular solid prism 404 or acombination thereof. In other implementations, smartphone 402 includesanother camera 406 to which the Fresnel prismatic element 404 and/or thetriangular solid prism 404 are not applied.

FIG. 5 illustrates one implementation 500 of a camera controller 100embedded in a keyboard-less tablet case of a computer tablet 510 with atleast one of a Fresnel prismatic element 508 and/or a triangular solidprism 506 or a combination thereof. In one implementation, the Fresnelprismatic element 508 and/or the triangular solid prism 506 are appliedto a camera mounted on the rim or bezel of the display 504. In otherimplementations, computer tablet 510 includes another camera 506 towhich the Fresnel prismatic element 508 and/or the triangular solidprism 508 are not applied.

FIG. 6 illustrates one implementation 600 of a camera controller 100embedded in a portrait mobile case of a smartphone 602 with at least oneof a Fresnel prismatic element 606 and/or a triangular solid prism 606or a combination thereof. In other implementations, smartphone 602includes another camera 604 to which the Fresnel prismatic element 606and/or the triangular solid prism 606 are not applied.

FIG. 7 illustrates one implementation of a camera controller 100embedded in a landscape mobile case of a smartphone 702 with at leastone of a Fresnel prismatic element 706 and/or a triangular solid prism706 or a combination thereof. In other implementations, smartphone 702includes another camera 704 to which the Fresnel prismatic element 706and/or the triangular solid prism 706 are not applied. FIG. 8illustrates one implementation 800 of a camera controller 100 embeddedin a mobile case of a smartphone 802 with at least one of a Fresnelprismatic element 806 and/or a triangular solid prism 806 or acombination thereof. In other implementations, smartphone 802 includesanother camera 804 to which the Fresnel prismatic element 806 and/or thetriangular solid prism 806 are not applied.

FIG. 9A illustrates one implementation of a smartphone 908 withremovable Fresnel prismatic element 902 and/or a triangular solid prism902 or a combination thereof attached to a camera 904 of the smartphone908. In some implementations, the removable Fresnel prismatic element902 and/or a triangular solid prism 902 can be conformal to the camera904.

Bender

FIG. 9B illustrate various configurations for translating imagedirecting film (IDF) 916 along a translation axis T. In a laptop, T willtypically be vertical—i.e., along a line spanning and perpendicular tothe top and bottom edges of the display 202 and lying substantially inthe plane of the display 202—but can be along any desired angledepending on the application. In FIG. 9B, the IDF 916 is retained withina bender 910 that travels along one or more rails 915. In someimplementations, the rail is frictional (i.e., allows bender 910 to movetherealong but with enough resistance to retain the bender 910 in anydesired position). In other implementations, the system includes anactivatable forcing device for bidirectionally translating the mountalong the guide. In the implementation shown in FIG. 9B, bender 910 istranslated along rails 915 by a motor 917 (e.g., a stepper motor) 920whose output is applied to bender 910 via a suitable gearbox 920.Deactivation of motor 917 retains bender 910 in the position attainedwhen deactivation occurs, so the rails 915 need not be frictional.Operation of motor 917 is governed by a processor as described in detailbelow.

In the other implementations, one or more piezo elements are operated tomove the bender 910 along the rails 915. The piezo elements apply adirectional force to bender 910 upon in response to a voltage. Althoughpiezo actuators are capable of moving large masses, the distances overwhich they act tend to be small. Accordingly, a mechanism (such as alever arrangement) to amplify the traversed distance may be employed. Inthe illustrated implementation, the piezo elements receive voltages ofopposite polarities so that one element contracts while the otherexpands. These voltages are applied directly by a processor or by adriver circuit under the control of a processor.

In some other implementations, a permanent magnet can be affixed tobender 910 and along with an electromagnet, which is energized by aconventional driver circuit controlled by a processor. By energizing theelectromagnet so that like poles of both magnets face each other, thelens bender 910 will be pushed away until the electromagnet isde-energized, and bender 910 will retain its position due to thefriction rails. To draw the bender 910 in the opposite direction,electromagnet is energized with current flowing in the oppositedirection so that it attracts permanent magnet.

In further implementations, the guide is a grooved channel within alongitudinal bearing fixture. In this case, bender 910 has a ridge thatslides within channel. As illustrated, ridge may flare into flanges thatretain bender 910 within complementary recesses in fixture as the mountslides within the recessed channel of fixture. Although specificimplementations of the mount and guide have been described, it will beappreciated by those skilled in the art that numerous mechanicallysuitable alternatives are available and within the scope of thetechnology disclosed.

Fresnel Prismatic Element

FIG. 10A illustrates one implementation of workings of a Fresnelprismatic element 1000A. Fresnel prismatic element 1000A serves as alinear array of prism elements and each of the plurality of Fresnelprisms have a refractive surface for refracting a light ray emitted froma light emitting body such as a single pixel LED or multi-pixel camera.Fresnel prismatic element 1000A can be of various types such as aFresnel Rhombs element or a Fresnel Biprism element. As shown in FIG.10A, Fresnel prismatic element 1000A has a saw tooth like structure thatcan deviate a beam of light by a specified angle referred to as “prismangle.” In some implementations, the different light rays are bent atdifferent angles depending on the different prism angles of the Fresnelprismatic element 1000A. In other implementations, the dispersed lightrays are focused on to a detector by a set of lenses.

In one implementation, the distance between two peaks of consecutive sawstructures defines a “prism pitch” of the Fresnel prismatic element1000A. In some implementations, the Fresnel prismatic element 1000A isincluded in the structured surface of an optical film or other opticalbody. In other implementation, the Fresnel prismatic element 1000A isincluded in a membrane adapted to be pressed onto a lens of a camera. Inyet another implementation, the Fresnel prismatic element 1000A can beapplied to the camera controller or motion-capture device 100, such asfor example, a dual-camera motion controller as provided by Leap Motion,Inc., San Francisco, Calif. or other interfacing mechanisms and/orcombinations thereof) that is positioned and oriented so as to monitor aregion where hand motions normally take place. In other implementations,it can be applied using a substrate backing made of a material such asmodified acrylic resin polyester.

In one implementation, the redirection of the light by the Fresnelprismatic element 1000A is represented by the following Fresnel'sformulas assuming that the incident angle of the light is θi and therefraction angle is θt.Rp=tan 2(θi−θt)/tan 2(θi+θt)  (2)Rs=sin 2(θi−θt)/sin 2(θi+θt)  (3)R=½(Rp+Rs)  (4)

In the formula above Rp is the reflectance of horizontally polarizedlight), Rs is the reflectance of vertically polarized light, and R isthe reflectance of natural polarized light. The relationship between theincident angle θi and the refraction angle θt is represented by thefollowing equation from Snell laws of refraction assuming that therefractive index of air is ni and the refractive index of an opticalmedium is nt.ni·sin θi=nt·sin θt  (5)Triangular Solid Prism

FIG. 10B illustrates one implementation of workings of a triangularsolid prism 1000B. Triangular solid prism 1000B includes an incidentsurface, an emergent surface, and a bottom surface. Triangular solidprism 1000B refracts the light rays received according to a deviationangle. In one implementation, prism 1000B can be of a different typesuch as a Pellin-Brocca prism. In some implementations, the triangularsolid prism 1000B is included in the structured surface of an opticalfilm or other optical body. In other implementation, the triangularsolid prism 1000B is included in a membrane adapted to be pressed onto alens of a camera. In yet another implementation, the triangular solidprism 1000B can be applied to the camera controller or motion-capturedevice 100, such as for example, a dual-camera motion controller asprovided by Leap Motion, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. or otherinterfacing mechanisms and/or combinations thereof) that is positionedand oriented so as to monitor a region where hand motions normally takeplace. In other implementations, it can be applied using a substratebacking made of a material such as modified acrylic resin polyester.

FIG. 11A shows a side elevation of a laptop computer 1102, which caninclude an implementation 1100A of the technology disclosed. FIG. 11B isperspective front view of the laptop 1102 shown in FIG. 11A andincluding an implementation 1100A of the technology disclosed. Referfirst to FIGS. 11A and 11B, which illustrate both the environment inwhich the technology may be deployed as well as the problem that thetechnology addresses. A laptop computer 1102 includes a sensorarrangement 1105 in a top bezel or edge 1110 of a display 1115. Sensorarrangement 1105 includes a conventional image sensor—i.e., a grid oflight-sensitive pixels—and a focusing lens or set of lenses that focusesan image onto the image sensor. Sensor arrangement 1105 may also includeone or more illumination sources, and must have a limited depth to fitwithin the thickness of display 1115. As shown in FIG. 11A, if sensorarrangement 1105 were deployed with a fixed field of view, the coverageof its angle of view θ relative to the space in front of the laptop 1102would depend strongly on the angle ϕ, i.e., where the user haspositioned the display 1115. Implementations of the technology disclosedallow the field of view defined by the angle θ to be angled relative tothe display 1115—typically around the horizontal axis of display 1115,but depending on the application, rotation around another (e.g.,vertical) axis may be provided. (The angle θ is assumed to be fixed; itis the field of view itself, i.e., the space within the angle θ, that isitself angled relative to the display.)

FIG. 12 depicts one implementation 1200 of a Fresnel prismatic element1204 and/or a triangular solid prism 1204 redirecting one or moreoptical axes of one or more cameras 1204 of the laptop 1102 shown inFIGS. 11A-B. In FIG. 12, the Fresnel prismatic element 1204 and/or thetriangular solid prism 1204 redirect the optical axes of the camera 1204that are originally within 20 degrees of the tangential to the verticalaxis. In different implementations, the optical axes are redirected todifferent angles ♦1-♦4 ranging from 20 degrees to 85 degrees. Thisenhances the field of view of the camera 1204 and augments the 3D sensorspaces in which it can detect gestures 1206 performed across regions orpoints 1108 proximate to the display 1115 of the laptop 1102. In oneimplementation, range of the proximate regions or points relative to thedisplay is user definable. In other implementations, laptop 1102includes another camera 1202 to which the Fresnel prismatic element 1204and/or the triangular solid prism 1204 are not applied and thus, itcaptures gestures performed across regions or points other than regionsor points 1108 proximate to the display 1115 of the laptop 1102.

FIG. 13 depicts one implementation of a Fresnel prismatic element 1304and/or a triangular solid prism 1304 redirecting one or more opticalaxes of one or more cameras 1304 of a smartphone 1300 with a cameracontroller 100. In FIG. 13, the Fresnel prismatic element 1304 and/orthe triangular solid prism 1304 redirect the optical axes of the camera1304 that are originally within 20 degrees of the tangential to thevertical axis. In different implementations, the optical axes areredirected to different angles ♦1-♦4 ranging from 20 degrees to 85degrees. This enhances the field of view of the camera 1304 and augmentsthe 3D sensor spaces in which it can detect gestures 1306 performedacross regions or points 1308 proximate to the display 1307 of thesmartphone 1300. In one implementation, range of the proximate regionsor points relative to the display is user definable. In otherimplementations, smartphone 1300 includes another camera 1302 to whichthe Fresnel prismatic element 1304 and/or the triangular solid prism1304 are not applied and thus, it captures gestures performed acrossregions or points other than regions or points 1308 proximate to thedisplay 1307 of the smartphone 1300.

FIG. 14 depicts one implementation 1400 of a removable Fresnel prismaticelement 1402 and/or a triangular solid prism 1402 redirecting one ormore optical axes of one or more cameras 1404 of a smartphone 1406. InFIG. 13, the removable Fresnel prismatic element 1402 and/or thetriangular solid prism 1402 redirect the optical axes of the camera 1404that are originally within 20 degrees of the tangential to the verticalaxis. In different implementations, the optical axes are redirected todifferent angles ♦1-♦4 ranging from 20 degrees to 85 degrees. Thisenhances the field of view of the camera 1404 and augments the 3D sensorspaces in which it can detect gestures 1408 performed across regions orpoints 1308 proximate to the smartphone 1406. In one implementation,range of the proximate regions or points relative to the display is userdefinable.

Methods

FIG. 15 illustrates an example method of enhancing a field of view ofcameras to augment three-dimensional (3D) sensory space for free-spacegesture interpretation using a Fresnel prismatic element. Flowchart 1500can be implemented by one or more processors configured to receive orretrieve information, process the information, store results, andtransmit the results. Other implementations may perform the actions indifferent orders and/or with different, varying, alternative, modified,fewer or additional actions than those illustrated in FIG. 15. Multipleactions can be combined in some implementations. For convenience, thisflowchart is described with reference to the system that carries out amethod. The system is not necessarily part of the method.

At action 1502, two cameras are mounted in a rim of a display withoptical axes facing within 20 degrees of tangential to a vertical axisof the display. Configuring the optical axes to be within 20 degrees ofthe tangential to the vertical axis assists in the function of theFresnel prismatic element, which may have a limited redirectioncapacity.

At action 1512, at least one Fresnel prismatic element is used toredirect the optical axes of the cameras, giving each camera a field ofview that covers at least 45 to 80 degrees from tangential to thevertical axis of the display that can be planar, cylindrical, or of anyother shape such as globular. In other implementations, the Fresnelprismatic element that redirects the optical axes of the cameras, givingeach camera a field of view that covers at least 20 to 85 degrees fromtangential to the vertical axis of the display.

In one implementation, the Fresnel prismatic element can be an opticalfilm applied to the camera. In another implementation, the Fresnelprismatic element can be a removable structure attached to the cameras.In yet another implementation, the Fresnel prismatic element can beincluded in a membrane pressed against the cameras.

At action 1522, a camera controller coupled to the two cameras is usedto compensate for redirection by the Fresnel prismatic element and todetermine a position of at least one control object within the camerafields of view. In one implementation, compensation for the redirectionby the Fresnel prismatic element can be achieved by collecting theredirected optical axes on an intraocular lens. In anotherimplementation, it can be achieved by applying at least one of anamplification function, polynomial function, transcendental function,and a step function to the frame data captured using the optical axes.

At action 1532, a bender that bends or reorients the Fresnel prismaticelement of at least one of the cameras is used to modify the relativeoptical axes of the two cameras mounted in the rim of the display.

At action 1542, the Fresnel prismatic element that redirects anillumination source coupled to the camera controller to cover aneffective area of the camera fields of view.

At action 1552, at least one camera, different from the two camerasmounted at action 1502, is mounted in the rim of the display with anoptical axis facing within 20 degrees of tangential to a vertical axisof the display. The Fresnel prismatic element does not redirect theoptical axis of the camera, according to one implementation.

This method and other implementations of the technology disclosed caninclude one or more of the following features and/or features describedin connection with additional methods disclosed. Other implementationscan include a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storinginstructions executable by a processor to perform any of the methodsdescribed above. Yet another implementation can include a systemincluding memory and one or more processors operable to executeinstructions, stored in the memory, to perform any of the methodsdescribed above.

FIG. 16 is a representative method of enhancing a field of view ofcameras to augment three-dimensional (3D) sensory space for free-spacegesture interpretation using a triangular solid prism. Flowchart 1600can be implemented by one or more processors configured to receive orretrieve information, process the information, store results, andtransmit the results. Other implementations may perform the actions indifferent orders and/or with different, varying, alternative, modified,fewer or additional actions than those illustrated in FIG. 16. Multipleactions can be combined in some implementations. For convenience, thisflowchart is described with reference to the system that carries out amethod. The system is not necessarily part of the method.

At action 1602, two cameras are mounted in a rim of a display withoptical axes facing within 20 degrees of tangential to a vertical axisof the display. Configuring the optical axes to be within 20 degrees ofthe tangential to the vertical axis assists in the function of thetriangular solid prism, which may have a limited redirection capacity.

At action 1612, at least one triangular solid prism is used to redirectthe optical axes of the cameras, giving each camera a field of view thatcovers at least 45 to 80 degrees from tangential to the vertical axis ofthe display that can be planar, cylindrical, or of any other shape suchas globular. In other implementations, the triangular solid prism thatredirects the optical axes of the cameras, giving each camera a field ofview that covers at least 20 to 85 degrees from tangential to thevertical axis of the display.

In one implementation, the triangular solid prism can be an optical filmapplied to the camera. In another implementation, the triangular solidprism can be a removable structure attached to the cameras. In yetanother implementation, the triangular solid prism can be included in amembrane pressed against the cameras.

At action 1622, a camera controller coupled to the two cameras is usedto compensate for redirection by the triangular solid prism and todetermine a position of at least one control object within the camerafields of view. In one implementation, compensation for the redirectionby the triangular solid prism can be achieved by collecting theredirected optical axes on an intraocular lens. In anotherimplementation, it can be achieved by applying at least one of anamplification function, polynomial function, transcendental function,and a step function to the frame data captured using the optical axes.

At action 1632, a bender that bends or reorients the triangular solidprism of at least one of the cameras is used to modify the relativeoptical axes of the two cameras mounted in the rim of the display.

At action 1642, the triangular solid prism that redirects anillumination source coupled to the camera controller to cover aneffective area of the camera fields of view.

At action 1652, at least one camera, different from the two camerasmounted at action 1602, is mounted in the rim of the display with anoptical axis facing within 20 degrees of tangential to a vertical axisof the display. The triangular solid prism does not redirect the opticalaxis of the camera, according to one implementation.

This method and other implementations of the technology disclosed caninclude one or more of the following features and/or features describedin connection with additional methods disclosed. Other implementationscan include a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storinginstructions executable by a processor to perform any of the methodsdescribed above. Yet another implementation can include a systemincluding memory and one or more processors operable to executeinstructions, stored in the memory, to perform any of the methodsdescribed above.

FIG. 17 shows a flowchart enhancing a field of view of at least onecamera of a portable electronic device to augment three-dimensional (3D)sensory space for free-space gesture interpretation using a triangularsolid prism. Flowchart 1700 can be implemented by one or more processorsconfigured to receive or retrieve information, process the information,store results, and transmit the results. Other implementations mayperform the actions in different orders and/or with different, varying,alternative, modified, fewer or additional actions than thoseillustrated in FIG. 17. Multiple actions can be combined in someimplementations. For convenience, this flowchart is described withreference to the system that carries out a method. The system is notnecessarily part of the method.

At action 1702, at least one camera is mounted in a bezel of a displayscreen of a portable electronic device. The portable electronic devicecan be any type of user computing devices such as a personal computer,laptop computer, tablet computer, smartphone, personal digital assistant(PDA), digital image capture devices, and the like. The camera has anoptical axis facing within 20 degrees of tangential to a vertical axisof the display screen. Configuring the optical axis to be within 20degrees of the tangential to the vertical axis assists in the functionof the Fresnel prismatic element, which may have a limited redirectioncapacity.

At action 1712, at least one Fresnel prismatic element is used toredirect the optical axis of the camera, giving the camera a field ofview that covers at least 45 to 80 degrees from tangential to thevertical axis of the display screen that can be planar, cylindrical, orof any other shape such as globular. In other implementations, theFresnel prismatic element that redirects the optical axis of the camera,giving the camera a field of view that covers at least 20 to 85 degreesfrom tangential to the vertical axis of the display screen of theportable electronic device.

In one implementation, the Fresnel prismatic element can be an opticalfilm applied to the camera. In another implementation, the Fresnelprismatic element can be a removable structure attached to the camera.In yet another implementation, the Fresnel prismatic element can beincluded in a membrane pressed against the camera.

At action 1722, a camera controller coupled to the camera is used tocompensate for redirection by the Fresnel prismatic element and todetermine a position of at least one control object within the camerafield of view. In one implementation, compensation for the redirectionby the Fresnel prismatic element can be achieved by collecting theredirected optical axis on an intraocular lens. In anotherimplementation, it can be achieved by applying at least one of anamplification function, polynomial function, transcendental function,and a step function to the frame data captured using the optical axis.

At action 1732, a bender that bends or reorients the Fresnel prismaticelement of the camera is used to modify the relative optical axis of thecamera mounted in the bezel of the display screen of the portableelectronic device.

At action 1742, the Fresnel prismatic element that redirects anillumination source coupled to the camera controller to cover aneffective area of the camera field of view.

At action 1752, at least one other camera, different from the cameramounted at action 1702, is mounted in the bezel of the display screenwith an optical axis facing within 20 degrees of tangential to avertical axis of the display screen. The Fresnel prismatic element doesnot redirect the optical axis of this other camera, according to oneimplementation.

This method and other implementations of the technology disclosed caninclude one or more of the following features and/or features describedin connection with additional methods disclosed. Other implementationscan include a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storinginstructions executable by a processor to perform any of the methodsdescribed above. Yet another implementation can include a systemincluding memory and one or more processors operable to executeinstructions, stored in the memory, to perform any of the methodsdescribed above.

The terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms andexpressions of description and not of limitation, and there is nointention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding anyequivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof. Inaddition, having described certain implementations of the technologydisclosed, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artthat other implementations incorporating the concepts disclosed hereincan be used without departing from the spirit and scope of thetechnology disclosed. Accordingly, the described implementations are tobe considered in all respects as only illustrative and not restrictive.

What is claimed is:
 1. A rim mounted space imaging apparatus, mounted ina rim of a display that has a vertical axis, comprising: a cameramounted in a rim of a display with optical axis facing within 20 degreesof tangential to a vertical axis of the display; at least one Fresnelprismatic element that redirects the optical axis of the camera, givingthe camera a field of view that covers at least 45 to 80 degrees fromtangential to the vertical axis of the display; and a camera controllercoupled to the camera that compensates for redirection by the Fresnelprismatic element and determines a position of at least one controlobject within the field of view of the camera.
 2. The apparatus of claim1, further comprising: a bender that bends or reorients the Fresnelprismatic element of the camera to modify the optical axis of the cameramounted in the rim of the display.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising: at least one illumination source; and the Fresnel prismaticelement that redirects the illumination source to cover an effectivearea of the field of view of the camera.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1,further comprising: the Fresnel prismatic element that redirects theoptical axis of the camera, giving the camera a field of view thatcovers at least 20 to 85 degrees from tangential to the vertical axis ofthe display.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a secondcamera mounted in the rim of the display with an optical axis facingwithin 20 degrees of tangential to a vertical axis of the display,wherein the second camera is different from the camera of claim 1; andthe Fresnel prismatic element does not redirect the optical axis of thesecond camera.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the display is atleast one of planar or cylindrical.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe Fresnel prismatic element is an optical film.
 8. A rim mounted spaceimaging apparatus, mounted in a rim of a display that has a verticalaxis, comprising: a camera mounted in the rim of a display with opticalaxis facing within 20 degrees of tangential to a vertical axis of thedisplay; at least one triangular solid prism that redirects the opticalaxis of the camera, giving the camera a field of view that covers atleast 45 to 80 degrees from tangential to the vertical axis of thedisplay; and a camera controller coupled to the camera that compensatesfor redirection by the triangular solid prism and determines a positionof at least one control object within the field of view of the camera.9. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: a bender that bends orreorients the triangular solid prism of the camera to modify the opticalaxis of the a camera mounted in the rim of the display.
 10. Theapparatus of claim 8, further comprising: at least one illuminationsource; and the triangular solid prism that redirects the illuminationsource to cover an effective area of the field of view of the camera.11. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: the triangular solidprism that redirects the optical axis of the camera, giving the camera afield of view that covers at least 20 to 85 degrees from tangential tothe vertical axis of the display.
 12. The apparatus of claim 8, furthercomprising: at least one camera mounted in the rim of the display withan optical axis facing within 20 degrees of tangential to a verticalaxis of the display, wherein the camera is different from the a cameraof claim 8; and the triangular solid prism does not redirect the opticalaxis of the camera.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the display isat least one of planar or cylindrical.
 14. The apparatus of claim 8,wherein the triangular solid prism is an optical film.
 15. A portableelectronic device with a bezel for a display screen, comprising: a bezelfor a display screen that has a vertical axis; one camera mounted in thebezel with optical axis facing within 20 degrees of tangential to thevertical axis of the display screen; a Fresnel prismatic element thatredirects the optical axis of the camera, giving the camera a field ofview that covers at least 45 to 80 degrees from tangential to thevertical axis of the display screen; and a camera controller coupled tothe camera that compensates for redirection by the Fresnel prismaticelement and determines a position of at least one control object withinthe field of view of the camera.
 16. The portable electronic device ofclaim 15, wherein the Fresnel prismatic element is an optical film. 17.The portable electronic device of claim 15, further comprising: a benderthat bends or reorients the Fresnel prismatic element of the camera tomodify the optical axis of the camera.
 18. The portable electronicdevice of claim 15, further comprising: at least one illuminationsource; and the Fresnel prismatic element that redirects theillumination source to cover an effective area of the field of view ofthe camera.
 19. The portable electronic device of claim 15, furthercomprising: the Fresnel prismatic element that redirects the opticalaxis of the camera, giving the camera a field of view that covers atleast 20 to 85 degrees from tangential to the vertical axis of thedisplay screen.
 20. The portable electronic device of claim 15, furthercomprising: at least one other camera mounted in the bezel with anoptical axis facing within 20 degrees of tangential to a vertical axisof the display screen, wherein the other camera is different from thecamera of claim 15; and the Fresnel prismatic element does not redirectthe optical axis of the other camera.